1.encourage vt.鼓励,激励, 鼓舞。 其后通常跟名词或代词作宾语、不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
①He often encourages the boy in his studies.
他经常鼓励孩子努力学习。
②He often encouraged himself and others with these words:“It is never too old tolearn.”他经常用“活到老学到老”这句话鞭策自己,勉励别人。
③The teacher encouraged me to build myself up.
老师鼓励我锻炼身体,增强体质。
④Many scientists encouraged middle school students to study hard for China's“four modernizations”.许多科学家鼓励中学生为祖国四个现代化努力学习。
2.match的用法
1)动词match可用来表示“匹配”、“相称”等意思。如:
①Match the problems and the advice in the form below.
把下面表格里的问题和建议配对。
②This tie doesn't match your suit.
这条领带和你的西装不相配。
2)作为名词match可用来表示“对手”、“敌手”。如:
①I'm no match for him.
=I'm not his match.
= He's more than a match for me
我不是他的对手。
【注]表示“比赛”时,英国多用 match,美国多用 game。a basketballmatch =a basketball game
3.mean是一个常用作及物动词,其具体含义和用法如下:
1)意为“表示……的意思,意指”,其后可跟名词、代词或宾语从句。
例如:
①Adictionary tells us what words mean.
词典给我们解释词的含义。
②I have no idea what this word means.
我不知道这个单词是什么意思。
③What I mean is that you should pay more attention to your pronunciation.
我的意思是你应该更加注意你的发音。
④I mean that all is not the gold that glitters.
我是说并不是所有闪光的东西都是金子。
⑤I always mean what I say.我说话从来是算数的。
2)意为“意味着,就是”,其后通常跟名词、代词、动词-ing形式或宾语从句。例如:
①Life to him means struggle.
对他来说,生活就意味着斗争。
②Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
错过了火车就意味着要等一个小时。
③They won, which meant they would run for the People’s Republic of China.
他们赢了,这就意味着他们将代表中华人民共和国参加赛跑。
3)意为“打算;企图;意欲”,其后跟名词、代词、不定式。例如:
①Forgive me please, I didn't mean it.
请原谅,我不是有心的。
②What he said meant no harm to you.
他所说的话对你没有害处。
③I meant to see him tomorrow, but I changed my mind.
我本来打算明天去看他,但是后来改变了主意。
④The owner means to keep these men on at the factory.
厂主打算留用这些人。
4.praise[preiz]vt.& n.“表扬”。“praise sb. for sth.”意为“为某事而表扬某人”。例如:
①Our English teacher praised me for what I did for her.
我们的英语老师因为我为她做的事表扬了我。
②His parents praised him for the progress that he had made.
他的父母因为他的进步而表扬了他。
③One of my students wrote me back to say that my praise had greatly encouragedher. 我的一位学生给我回信说,我的表扬给了她很大的鼓励。
④His heroism is worthy of great praise.
他的英勇值得大大赞扬。
5.master的用法
1)vt.掌握,精通
①He practised the idioms in order to master them.
他练习习惯用语是为了掌握它们。
②They have mastered mathematics.他们精通数学。
2)n.主人,大师
①Who is the master of this house?
谁是这房子的主人?
6.close的用法
1)[klous]adj.&adv.接近,亲密
①Come closer so that you can hear me.
再走近些,你就能听见我说的了。
②They are close friends. 他们是亲密的朋友。
2)[klouz] vt.&vi.关闭,结束
③Please close your eyes. 请合上你的眼睛。
④He closed his speech with a song.
他用一首歌曲结束了讲话。
7.动词force的四种用法
1)force sb. to do sth. = use force to make sb. do sth.
①I didn't force you to do that.
我没强迫你做那事。
②They forced me to go there.
他们强迫我去那里。
2)be forced to do sth.= have to do sth., can do nothing but do sth., have nochoice but to do sth., be made to do sth. 被迫做某事。
①She was forced to fight back. 她被迫还击。
②His grandpa was forced to give up teaching two years ago.
他的爷爷两年前被迫离开讲台。
3)force sb.(sth.)+介词短语
①The enemies forced him into their car.
敌人迫使他进入他们的汽车。
②You should not force your opinion on(upon)others.
你不能把自己的意见强加于他人。
4)force sb.(sth.)+副词
①They forced me out.他们把我赶出来了。
②force a way in(out, through)冲入(冲出,冲过)
8.native一词的两种用法。
1)作形容词时,意为“本国的;本土的;出生的”(=of the place whereyou were born)如:
①John's native language is English.约翰的母语是英语。
②Beijing is his native place.北京是他的出生地。
③native speakers of English.英语为母语的人
④one's native country(land)祖国。
2)作名词时,意为“本地人;本国人”(a person born in a place or a country)。如:
①He is a native of Shanghai. 他是上海人。
②Are you natives of this city or just visitors? 你们是本地人还是观光客?
9.answer和reply
answer较为常用,一般指对问题的答复。reply较正式,指对别人所说或所写的东西的答复。reply除接直接引语或that引导的宾语从句以外,其它情况下只用作不及物动词,后面接介词to时才能带宾语。试比较:
①Please answer me! 请回答我!
②Please answer the question!请回答这个问题!
③Please answer me the question.请回答我这个问题。
④I didn't reply to(=answer)him. 我没有答复他。
⑤I'm going to reply to(=answer) his question.
我打算回答他的问题。
⑥We expect to reply to(=answer)your letter next month.
我们预期下个月答复你的信。
⑦He replied(=answered)that he would not go.
他回答说他不去。(不能说 He replied to that…)
⑧He replied to me(= answered me) that he knew nothing bout it.
他回答说他对此事一无所知。(不能说 He replied me that…)
【注】可以说answer the door(应门),answer the telephone(接电话);不能说reply to the door/telephone“接电话”也不能说 receive the telephone。另,answer the purpose(适用于需要),answer the teacher's call(响应老师的号召)。
重要词组短语
1.before long与 long before的用法区别
before long(= soon)意为“不久”,既可与过去时,也可与将来时连用。它与long before不同,long before中 before若作副词相当于long ago(很久以前),常与过去时连用。若 before为连词,long before可与现在时或将来时连用。例如:
①Before long, he got the news of his son's death.
不久以后,他得知他儿子死的消息。
②The textbook for students will come out before long.
学生用书不久就会出版了。
③The textbook for students came out long before.
学生用书很久以前就出版了。
④We'll meet again at the school gate before long.
不久,我们就会在校门口再见面。
⑤It will be long before they come here.
还需要很长时间,他们才能到这儿来。
2.come across意为“遇见/发现”,含有“偶然相遇/发现”的意思(meetsb. or find sth. by chance)。例如:
①On the way to school I came across an old friend of mine.
在上学的路上,我遇见一位老朋友。
②In the library I came across a very useful English grammar book.
在图书馆里我偶然发现一本很有用的英语语法书。
3.cut down与 cut up 辨析
1)cut down可用来表示“砍倒”;“减少”;“降低”;“缩短”。如:
①The little boy cut down the young tree with an axe.
那小孩用一把斧子砍倒了那棵小树。
②The doctor told me to cut down(on) smoking and drinking.
医生劝我少吸烟,少饮酒。 ③At first they wanted£100 for the shirt,but we cut them down to£65.
开始那件衬衫他们要价100英镑,但我们把价格压到了65英镑。
2)cut up可用来表示“切碎”(=cut into pieces)。如:
①The man first cut the tree down and then cut it up.
那人先把树砍倒,然后把它劈成碎片。
4.have a talk with的含义
have a talk with是由“have+表示动作的名词”构成的短语,表示一个短暂的动作,又如 have a break(休息一下), have a look(看一看),have a rest(休息一下), have a picnic(去野餐), have a walk(散散步)等。例如:
①They had a rest and then continued their way.
他们休息了一会儿,然后继续赶路。
②Having a walk after supper every day will greatly benefit you.
晚饭后散散步对你有很大的好处。
5.keep on意为“继续”,其后只能跟动词-ing形式,不能跟不定式。例如:
①I often kept on writing the book until midnight.
我经常连续不断地写这本书,一直写到深夜。
②It kept on raining all day long. 雨整整下了一天。
③If people kept on cutting the trees down, there will be no forest left beforelong. 如果人们不停地砍伐树木的话,不久就没有森林了。
④Though it was late, they kept on working.
虽然天黑了,但他们还在继续工作。
⑤Why keep on laughing all the time?
为什么老是笑个不停?
⑥I keep on forgetting some of the words and expressions.
我有些单词和短语老是记不住。
⑦Although they were very tired, they kept on working.
虽然疲乏了,他们仍然继续干工作。
6.translate…into…意为“将……翻译成……”。例如:
①Can you translate this sentence into Chinese?
你能把这个句子翻译为汉语吗?
②He is translating the works of Lu Xu. 他在翻译鲁迅的作品。
③This book was first translated from French into English in the 15th century. 这本书15世纪时首次由法语翻译成英语。
④He translated them word for word as well as he could.
他尽可能按原话逐字逐句进行翻译。
7.next to意为“在……旁边”、“与……相邻”,后跟名词或代词,构成介词短语,用作状语或定语。例如:
①I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down.
当他倒下来的时候,我碰巧站在他身边。
②Our factory stands next to a new hospital.
我们的工厂就在一家新医院旁边。
③I don't recognize the lady next to John.
我没有认出约翰旁边的那个姑娘。
④Let's have dinner at the restaurant next to the cinema.
我们在电影院旁边的那家饭店进餐吧。
▲next to还可以作“仅次于……解”。例如:
①Huanghe River is the longest river next to the Changjiang River in China.
黄河是中国仅次于长江的最长的河流。
8.be sure的用法
1)be sure about/of的意思是“确信”、“有把握”,后面跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式,表示某人对客观事物有肯定的认识与判断。如:
①I'm sure of his success.我确信他会成功。
②He lives in this building but I'm not sure about the room number.
他住在这栋楼里,但是房间号码我不太清楚。
③As David joined our team we are sure of winning the game this time.
因为大卫参加了我们球队,我们有把握赢得这场球赛。
2) be sure to do sth. 常表示未来的动作,意为“(说话者)肯定主语会……”。或“(说话者)要求对方一定要做某事”。如:
①This plan is sure to succeed. 这项计划肯定会成功。
②Her grandmother is sure to live to 100. 她奶奶肯定会活到一百岁。
③Be sure to write to me as soon as you arrive in England.
到英国后务必立即给我写信。
注:be sure of doing sth表示的是“(主语)确信……”。如:
Her grandmother is sure of living to 100. 她奶奶自信会活到100岁。
3)be sure+that/whether/where等引导的从句,表示(某人)“确信/肯定”某事的意思。如:
①I'm sure he didn't tell lies.我确信他没说谎。
②I'm not sure where I left my notebook.
我不能肯定我把笔记本丢在什么地方了。
9.get on with的用法
“get on with sth.”的意思是“某事进行得如何”,“get on with sb.”的意思是“与某人相处得如何”。在 get on后有时可用表示程度的副词。例如:
③I didn't get on well with my job at the beginning.
起初我的工作做得并不好。
④We were getting on well with our foreign friends at university.
我们在大学里与外国朋友们相处得很好。
常用句型结构
1.In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work.
the base for……在句中作宾语 London的补足语,两者一起构成复合宾语。此句型的结构是:主语+动词+宾语+用作宾语补足语的名词。
能带名词作宾语补足语的动词有:make, call, elect, consider, choose, find, feel, name等。如:
①They chose Mr Brown chairman. 他们选布朗先生当主席。
②I would make him king. 我愿使他成为国王。
③She named her daughter Alice. 她给女儿取名艾丽丝。
2.I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.
本句中使用的句型是“find sth./sb.+adj.+(不定式)”,其中find是及物动词,作“发现”、“发觉”解,后跟带形容词的复合结构,意为“发现某事或某人具有某种特征”,在形容词后有时还可以加不定式。例如:
①I find English difficult to learn.
我觉得英语不容易学习.
②I found that man hard to deal with.
我发现那个人很难对付。
③My students found my present book satisfactory.
同学们发现我的这本书很令人满意。
④We found Miss Yang easy to get on with.
我们发觉杨小姐很容易相处。
3.…he found it important to study the situation in Russia.
本句是一个带it作形式宾语的句子,它的句型结构是:vt.+it+adj. + to do sth. 能用于这个句型的动词有 find, feel, make, think等,形式主语it代替的真正主语是后面的不定式短语(to do sth.)。例如:
①Marx found it necessary to leave his homeland for some political reasons.
马克思觉得由于某些政治原因有必要离开故乡。
②They found it pleasant to work with us Chinese.
他们觉得同我们中国人一道工作很愉快。
③We all think it important to master a foreign language.
我们都认为掌握一种外语是很重要的。
④I don't feel it difficult to understand the Special English.
我觉得不难听懂特别英语广播节目。
4.“such…that”意为“如此……以致”,用来引导结果状语从句,组成“such(a/an)+n.+that-clause”旬句。如果这个名词(n.)是单数可数名词,则应加不定冠词a/an;如果是复数可数名词或不可数名词,则不用不定冠词 a/an。例如:
①It was such a hot day that we all went swimming in the sea.
那天天气那样热,我们全都去大海里游泳了。
②They are such lovely teachers that we students all like them.
他们是那么可爱的老师,我们学生都喜欢他们。 ③The policeman showed such great courage that he was highly praised by the police officer.
这位警察表现出极大的勇气,因此受到了那位警官的高度赞扬。
【注意】“so…that”也作“如此……以致”解,常用来引导结果状语从句。so是副词,后跟形容词或副词,组成“so+adj./adv.+that clause”句型。例如:
①It was so hot that we all went swimming in the sea.
那天天气那样热,我们全都去大海里游泳了。
②The soldier had been hurt so seriously that the doctor could do nothing to save his life. 这位战士伤得太严重,医生也无法救活他。
③The lecture was so interesting that all the students like it.
这个讲座太有趣了,所有学生都喜欢。
④He did so well in his work that his boss praised him.
他的工作做得很好,就连他的老板都表扬了他。

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