1.Have you got a map to show me? I'm puzzled!
1)puzzled在此是形容词,可作定语或表语,用来说明人,意为“感到困惑的”、“不解的”。puzzling也作形容词,用来说明事物或情况,意为“令人困惑的”、“使人不解的”。如:
①I'm puzzled what to do. 我不知道怎样做才好。
②There was a puzzled expression on her face.
她的睑上露出迷惑不解的神情。
③The question was puzzling and I couldn't answer it.
这个问题令人费解,我无法回答。
2)puzzle作及物动词,意为“使迷惑”、“苦思”。如: ①This letter puzzled me. 这封信使我迷惑不解。
②He puzzled himself about the problem. 这个问题使他大伤脑筋。
3)puzzle也可作名词,意为“难懂的事或问题”(problem or something that is difficult to understand). 如:
①He's in a puzzle about it. 他对这事大惑不解。
2.lie[lai]vi.意为“位于”。在lie后用介词to(lie to the east/west of…)表示方位或朝向,意即“在……之东/西”),并不强调是否接壤;强调二者交界则用介词on(即lie on the east/west of……),还可用来表示“在……河畔”;lie in表示“在……的境内”。例如:
①Ireland lies to the west of Britain.
爱尔兰位于不列颠之西。(这两个岛之间隔着爱尔兰海,并不接壤)
②England lies on the east of Wales.
英格兰位于威尔士之东。(两个部分交界)
③Canada lies on the north of the United States.
加拿大位于美国北面。(与美国交界)
④London lies on the River Thames.
伦敦位于泰晤士河畔。
⑤Shanghai lies on the Changjiang River.
上海位于长江之滨。
⑥Japan lies in the east of Asia. 日本位于亚洲东部。
⑦The village lies at the foot of a hill.
那个村子在一座小山脚下。
⑧The town lies to the north of the river.
这个城镇在河的北边。
⑨Shanghai lies in the east of China.
上海位于中国的东部(在境内)。
⑩Japan lies to the east of China.
日本位于中国的东方(在境外)。
3.especially和specially
especially意思是“特别地……”;“不寻常地”,强调程度,在进一步补充说明前面所叙述的事的时候,前面一般用逗号隔开,一般用来修饰形容词,介词短语或状语从句。specially意思是“特意地”;“专门地”,强调目的,一般用在表示目的的不定式或介词for短语前面。试比较:
①It has been especially hot this summer.
今年夏天特别热。
②She likes the country, especially in spring.
她喜欢乡村,尤其是在春天。
③Cooking is a great burden to me, especially when we have guests.
做饭对我来说是一个很大的负担,特别是有客人来时更是如此。
④Though the weather was especially cold and windy, I came here specially to see you. 我是专程来这里看你的,尽管天气特别冷,风特别大。
⑤This robe was made specially for the king.
=This robe was specially made for the king.
这件长袍是专门为国王做的。
【注】 以上例句中的especially和specially均不能交换使用。
4.generally的几种用法
1)generally表示“一般来说”时,也可以用in general或generally speaking. 如:
①Generally, the weather in Britain is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.
一般来讲,大不列颠的天气冬天不会太冷,夏天不会太热。
②Generally speaking, he is easy to get on with.
一般来说,他还是容易相处的。
In general, your plan is good. 你们的方案总的来说是好的。
2)generally = usually,表示“通常”。如:
①He generally goes out for a drink alone on Sunday evenings.
星期天晚上他通常独自出去喝上一杯。
②She's at the ball at the time, as she usually is.
像往常一样,这个时候她在舞会上。
3)generally = widely,表示“普遍的”。如:
①The new plan was generally welcomed. 新计划受到普遍欢迎。
②It's generally believed that he is the best maths teacher in our school。
普遍认为他是我们学校最好的数学老师。
5.hit,strike,beat和knock
这三个词均有“打”的意思。hit指有力地“打击”或“敲打”,强
调结果,即“打中”,“敲中”; strike为一般用语,意义较多,可表示“打、击、撞、咬”等意思,指“打”时,通常指突然或一次性的“击打”;beat侧重指连续性,不停地“打”或“敲”;knock除了指“敲击”以外,还可以表示“撞击”。试比较:
①The stone hit him on the head.
石头砸在他的头上(强调“击中”,不用strike)。
②The father was so angry that he struck (= hit) the boy in the face.
父亲怒不可遏,打了孩子一个耳光。(不用beat)
③The clock has just struck ten.
时钟刚敲过十点。(此句中不能用hit,best或knock)
④Strike iron while it is hot.
趁热打铁。
⑤The snake struck him in the leg.
蛇在他腿上咬了一口。
⑥The rain was beating (against) the window.
雨水不停地敲打着窗户。
⑦The teacher beat the table with a ruler.
老师用尺子敲打着桌子。(用hit或strike则指击了一下。)
⑧He knocked hard at the door.
他猛力敲门。(不用其它三个词)
⑨He knocked the thief down with a blow.
他一拳把那贼击倒。
⑩She almost knocked me down before she saw me.
她几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
【注】 hit可用来表示传染病或自然灾害“袭击”某一地区,而其它动词
一般不这样用。如:
①Around (=About) 1850, a terrible disease hit the potato crop.
大约在1850年,一场可怕的病害使地里种的土豆遭受了袭击。
②The great storm hit the area.
那场暴雨袭击了那个地区。
6.separate与divide辨析
1)separate指把原来连在一起或靠近的“分隔”开来。常与介词from搭配构成separate…from.意为“把……和……分开”;另外还有“离别,分手”之意。如:
①The Taiwan Straits separates Taiwan from Fujian.
台湾海峡把台湾和福建分隔开了。
②Please separate the white shirts from the coloured ones.
请把白衬衫和有色衬衫分开。
③We talked until midnight and then separated.
我们一直谈到深夜才分手。
2)divide侧重于把一个整体分成若干部分,其后常接介词into,among,between等。如:
①The teacher divides the class into 8 small groups.
老师将这个班分成八个小组。
②Korea is now divided into two countries, North Korea and South Korea.
朝鲜现在被分成两个国家:北朝鲜和南朝鲜。
③He divided the cake among the children. 他把这块蛋糕分给孩子们。
重要词组短语
1.all sorts of (=all kinds of) 意为“各种各样的”。例如:
①We can't find all sorts of birds in winter because some kinds of birds have flown south.
我们冬天找不到各种各样的鸟,因为一些种类的鸟飞到南方去了。
②I can make all sorts of model planes for students.
我可以为学生做各种各样的飞机模型。
③We have not seen all sorts of plants in the world.
我们没有见过地球上的所有种类的植物。
2.be fond of意为“喜欢;爱好”,后通常跟名词、(代词)或动词的-ing形式。例如:
①Are you fond of fresh vegetables.
你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗?
②His grandfather is fond of telling him old stories.
他爷爷喜欢给他讲老故事。
③Some boys and girls are fond of collecting coins.
有些男孩子和女孩子喜欢收集硬币。
【注意】表示“喜欢;爱好”的英语词还有like、enjoy、love等。但在用法和喜爱的程度上有区别:
like是一般的用语,用得最广泛,后面的宾语可以是名词、不定式或动词-ing形式;enjoy喜爱的程度比like稍强一点,后只可以跟名词或-ing形式,而不跟不定式;love在这三个词中表达喜爱的程度最大,语气最强,有“热爱”;be fond of (=like very much),在喜爱的程度上比like强,但比love弱。例如:
①I like swim/ to swim/ swimming in the sea.
我喜欢在海里游泳。
②He enjoys swim/ swimming in the river.
他喜欢在河里游泳。
③We all love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。
④She likes me, but doesn't love me.
她喜欢我,但并不爱我。
⑤Are they fond of pop music? (=Do they like pop music very much?)
他们很喜欢流行音乐吗?
3.be made up of 是一个常用短语,意为“由……组成”解。例如:
①Our school is made up of 45 classes.
我们学校是由四十五个班级组成的。
②The British Isles is made up of two large islands and more than 5,000 small islands. 不列颠群岛是由两个大岛和五千多个小岛组成的。
③The machine is made up of hundreds of different parts.
这台机器是由数百个不同的部件构成的。
4.die of作“因……而死”解,常表示由于疾病、饥饿、年老体衰等原因而引起的死亡。例如: ①In the story, the little match girl died of cold and hunger.
在故事中,卖火柴的小女孩因饥寒交迫而死去。
②The old lady died of lung cancer.
那位老太太因患肺癌而死。
【注意】 表示因意外的原因引起的死亡用die from。例如:
③Five people died from a traffic accident.
有五人死于一起交通事故。
④The old man died from the polluted air.
那位老人因为被污染的空气而致死。
5.go bad意为“变坏”,其中go意为“变;变得”,后通常跟形容词作表语,表示主语由一种好状态变成另一种坏的状态。例如:
①The meat has gone bad in such hot weather.
这样的大热天,肉已经变质了。
②The driver went blind after the accident happened.
事故发生以后,司机的眼睛就失明了。
③Something has gone wrong with my camera.
我的照相机出了些毛病。
④The old man gradually went deaf because of old age.
因为年龄大,那位老人逐渐丧失了听力。
【注意】 get和become也可以表示“变化”,即可指“变好”;也可指“变坏”。例如:
①The weather is getting colder and colder when winter comes.
当冬天来临时,天气变得越来越冷。
②The population in this area is becoming larger and larger.
这儿的人口越来越多。
③Our socialist motherland is getting richer and stronger.
我们社会主义祖国正变得富强起来。
6.keep in touch with意为“同……保持联系”;get in touch with 意为“同……取得联系”;lose touch with意为“失去与……的联系”。例如:
①Mr Da Youhao keeps in touch with me by letters though he is in New Zealand now. 尽管笪有浩先生现在在新西兰,但是他与我保持通讯联系。
②I have lost touch with Chen Guiying since she went to the United States. 自从陈桂英到美国去之后,我失去了与她的联系。
③If I go to the United States one day, I will get in touch with my American teachers.
如果我有一天到美国去的话,我将和我的美国老师取得联系。
7.lead a simple life“过着简朴的生活”。life前的simple也可换成其它的形容词,譬如active,hard,better,happy,miserable等。例如:
①If everyone works hard today, perhaps tomorrow we'll lead a better life.
如果每个人现在都努力工作,将来我们可能会过上更好一点的生活。 ②We are leading a happy life in the new society.
我们在新社会都过着幸福的生活。
③Before liberation both workers and peasants led a miserable life.
解放前工人和农民都过着悲惨的生活。
④The old men would like to lead a quiet life in the country.
老人们喜欢在乡下过着平静的生活。
8.part of, a part of和 (a) great part of
part of前面加a或不加a都可以,只是含义略有不同,part of something是“某物的一部分”,这个“部分”可大可小,可能超过一半或不到一半或仅占一份。a part of something则是“某物的一小部分”。a great part of和great part of含义完全相同,意为“一大部分”,但不一定达百分之五十以上。如果达到半数以上,最好用the greater part of。
①The Arctic is considered to be a part of the Atlantic.
北冰洋被认为是大西洋的一部分。
②We are all part of one big family.
我们都是一个大家庭的成员。
③He spends (a) great part of his spare time studying law.
他的业余时间一大部分用来研究法律。
④The greater part of the surface of the earth is covered by water.
地球表面的大部分被水所覆盖。
9.live on和live by辨析
二者都指“以……为生”,用法不同。
live on意为“以……为生”,既可用于人,也可用于动物。如:
①He lives on poor food. 他以粗食为生。
②My horse lives on grass. 我的马以草为食。
注意:live on可以接人、工资(钱)。如:
①He lives on thirty dollars a month. 他靠每月30美元生活。
②He lives on his parents. 他靠他父母生活。
live by指“以……方式谋生”。如:
①He lives by teaching English. 他以教授英语谋生。
②He lives by begging. 他行乞度日。
10.be to, be going to与be about to
1)be to:
(1)表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情。如:
①The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.
明天学生们将在学校大门口集合。
②Mike and I are to go skating after school this afternoon.
我和迈克打算今天下午放学后去滑冰。
(2)表示可能性,必要、责任、义务、禁止等。如:
①Her necklace was not to (couldn't) be found.
她的项链找不到了。
②Our exercise-books are to (=must) be handed in before school is over.
我们的作业必须在放学前交。
③Teachers are to (=should或ought to)be respected by the whole society. 教师应当受到全社会的尊重。
④People are not to (mustn't) smoke in the office.
办公室里禁止吸烟。
2)be going to:
(1)表示将要发生的事情或打算最近要进行的动作。如:
①It is going to rain soon. 快要下雨了。
②We are going to help the farmers with their autumn harvest next week.
我们打算下周去帮助农民秋收。
(2)在含有条件状语从句的主从复合句中,主句一般不用be going to,而常用will(第一人称用shall)。如:
The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow.
如果明天下雨,足球赛将被推迟举行。
3)be about to:
(1)表示即将发生的动作,在时间上指最近的将来。如:
We are about to start. 我们就要出发了。
The new school year is about to begin. 新学年开学在即。
(2)在含有be about to的句子中,不能再加时间状语。如:
Wrong: The medical team is about to start immediately.
Right: The medical team is about to start.
医疗队就要出发了。
常用句型结构
1.“the +形容词比较级+of the two”结构,意为两个事物中“更……的那个”。如:
①This school is the better of the two.
这是两个学校中较好的一个。
②He is the richer of the two young men.
他是两个年轻人中较为富裕一个。
③Her sister is the younger of the two girls.
她姐姐是两个姑娘中更年轻的那位。
2.“with+复合宾语”结构既可用作定语,也可用作状语。
常见的“with+复合宾语”结构主要有以下五种形式:
1)with+宾语+动词-ing形式
①With the boy leading the way, we have no trouble in getting to the station.
由这个男孩带路,我们很容易到了火车站。
②With the wind blowing heavily, we took great trouble to move on to the front.
由于风刮得很大,我们费力的往前线进发。
2)with+宾语+过去分词(past participle)
①The child was crying with the glasses broken.
眼镜破了,那小孩哭了起来.
②With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch.
所有的工作都做完了,他们匆忙回家吃午饭。
3)with+宾语+不定式
①With a lot of work to do, we had to be busy working day and night.
有这么多的工作要做,我们只得日夜忙碌。
②With many things to deal with, I have to stop listening to the light music.
有许多事要处理,我只好停止听轻音乐。
4)with+宾语+介词短语
①The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
老师手中拿着一本书走进教室。
②She saw a small river with green grass and red flowers on both sides.
她看到一条小河,两岸长满了红花绿草。
5) with+宾语+形容词(或副词)
①Don't sleep with the door and windows open.
不要开着门窗睡觉。
②Tian An Men Square looks even more beautiful with all lights on.
所有的灯都亮着,天安门广场显得更加漂亮。

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