1.cost[k&st] vt. 意为“(某种事物)花费(金钱或时间)”。例如:
①The new project will cost us 5 million dollars.
这个新工程将使我们耗资500万美元。
②They bought a new house, which cost them 88,000 yuan.
他们买了一座新房子,花了8.8万元。
③Building the railway station cost us only half a year.
建火车站仅花了我们半年的时间。
▲表示“花费(金钱或时间)”,也可以用spend,其主语是表示人的名词或代词。例如:
①They spent a lot of money buying new stamps.
他们花了很多钱去买新的邮票。
②Mary spent every morning reading Chinese.
玛丽每天利用早晨时间来读汉语。
【注意】 take可以表示“花费(时间)”, afford表示“负担得起(花费)”。例如:
①It took them quite some time to finish their homework.
他们花了相当一段时间才完成作业。
②Can you afford 100,000 dollars for a house?
花十万美金买这座房子你负担得起吗?
2.edge[eDN] n. 意为“边缘”。常用的短语有 on the edge of,意为“在……边缘”。例如:
①The old man stood on the edge of the river, fishing.
那位老人站在河边上,钓鱼。
②There is a small river on the edge of the forest.
森林边上有一条小河。
③If you put the glass on the edge of the table; it maybe fall off.
如果你把玻璃杯放在桌子边上,它可能会从桌子上摔下来。
3.effort['ef+t]n. 意为“努力;尽力”。例如:
①Getting a high grade in every subject requires great effort.
想要每门课都得高分需要非常努力。
②He did it without effort.
他毫不费力地做完那件事。
③I made every effort to get it.
我竭尽全力想要得到它。
④ All my efforts were in vain.
我的努力全都白费了。
【注意】 make a good effort 做很大的努力;spare no effort 不遗余力。
4.high和tall
说人、动物或树木的高要用tall,不用high。如:
a tall man(horse, tree)一个高个子男子(一匹高大的马,一棵高大的树)
指建筑物的高用tall和high均可,例如:a tall/high building,但如果是非常高大的建筑,用high,因high在程度上要大于tall。
high一般用来修饰山岳以及不与地面接触的人或物。这时不能用tall。如:
①The mountain is very high. 那座山很高。
②He is high up in the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。
high可作副词,而tall则不能。如:
①Wu Dong jumped highest of all.
所有参赛者中,吴东跳得最高。
tall的反义词是short; high的反义词是low。可以说 a tall/short man (tree),不说a high/low man(tree)。可以说 a tall/high/low building,不说 a short building。应说 a high/low mountain,不说 a tall/ short mountain 。
5.figure[fig+] n. 意为“数字;计算;图形;人影;体型”。例如:
①Arabic figures 阿拉伯数字
②a seven- figure telephone number
7 位数字的电话号码
③He wrote the date in figures. 他用数字写上日期。
④Tom is good at figures. 汤姆擅长算数。
⑤See figure (Fig) 4.见第4图。
⑥ I saw a lone figure on the beach.
我在海边看到一个孤单的人影。
⑦ She does exercise every morning to improve her figure.
她每天早晨做运动以改善体型。
6.prefer[pri'f+:]vt. 意为“宁愿(要);更喜欢”,后面通常跟名词,代词,不定式,动词-ing形式或从句等作宾语。例如:
①He always prefers fresh vegetables to meat.
和肉相比他总是更喜欢新鲜蔬菜。
②She seems to prefer cats to dogs.
她似乎较喜欢猫而不喜欢狗。
③My daughter prefers to eat chocolate.
我女儿更喜欢吃巧克力。
④They would like to drive us to the cinema, but we preferred to take a bus.
他们愿意开车把我们送的电影院,但是我们宁愿乘公共汽车去。
⑤We would prefer playing outdoors to watching television.
我宁愿在外面玩而不愿看电视。
⑥I prefer going to the movies to staying home.
我宁愿去看电影而不愿待在家里。
⑦ Would you prefer that I(should) go with you?
你要我和你一起去吗?
⑧He prefers to have dinner at home rather than(to) go to the restaurant.
他宁愿呆在家里吃晚饭,也不愿到旅馆去。
7.flood的用法
1)vt.& vi.(洪水)淹没,泛滥成灾
①They tried to stop the river from flooding the town.
他们尽力阻止河水淹没城市。
②When they had rain the village flooded.
下雨时他们村子泛滥成灾。
2)n. 水灾,洪水
①There was a very big flood on the river last year. 去年这条河泛滥了。
8.family、people 等集体名词的数的问题
集体名词在句中用作单数还是用作复数,后面该接单数形式的动词还是复数形式的动词,这些都应根据不同情况或意思加以处理。
有些集体名词如 family,government, committee,class, public,team,company等,若被看作整体时就作单数用,后接单数形式的动词;若被看作组成该集体的成员时,就作复数用,后接复数形式的动词。例如:
①The whole family has moved to London.
整个家庭都已搬到伦敦去了。
②All the family are pleased about the news of Jack's success.
家里所有的人对杰克成功的消息都感到非常高兴。 ③The government has decided to pass the law.
政府已决定通过这一法律。
④ The government have discussed the matter for a long time but they have shown no sign of reaching agreement.
政府成员对这一问题已讨论了很久,但尚未有达成一致意见的迹象。
⑤ The football team is playing well.
整个球队踢得不错。
⑥ The football team are having baths and are then coming back here for tea.
足球队员们正在洗澡,马上就要回到这里吃茶点。
⑦The class is a big one. 这个班人很多。
⑧ The class are unable to agree on a monitor.
这个班的学生在班长的人选问题上不能取得一致意见。
⑨ The public is sure that things will get better.
公众都相信情况会变好的。
⑩The public are required not to leave things about in the park.
要求游客们不要在公园里乱丢东西。
(11) The committee meets once a month.
委员会一月开一次会。
(12) The committee are divided in opinion about the matter.
委员们对这事意见有分歧。
(13) The school is not so big as that one.
这所学校没有那所学校大。 (14) The whole school are talking about that.
全校都在谈论着那件事。
people和police等集体名词在句中一般被看作复数,后接复数形式的谓语动词。如:
①People are sure to laugh at you if you do that.
如果你做那件事的话,人们肯定会嘲笑你的。
②The police are searching for the missing papers.
警察正在搜寻那些失踪的文件。
【注】police 前总是带冠词 the。如要指具体数量的警察,应用 policeman 和 policewoman。
【注】 people 泛指“人们”, the people指“人民”。用作可数时,如 a brave people(一个勇敢的民族), the friendship between our two peoples (我们两国人民的友谊),作“民族”,“种族”或不同国别的“人民”解。指特定场所的人们,或个人的家族、近亲时,前面一般用定冠词或my, his等物主代词,如:the library people(图书馆的人),my husband's people(我丈夫家里的人),How are your people?(你的家人好吗?)
【注】不要把集体名词people和个体性质的名词person相混淆。person 作“单个人”解,兼指男女。按习惯用法,如果不指明确切数量,就用 people,而不用 persons。如应说 many/some/a few/few people而不 说 many/some/a few/few persons。数量较大时也一般用 people而不用persons,如 five thousand people而不说 five thousand persons。数字确 切的少量的人则可用persons,当然用people也仍然是正确的,如:
There are only three persons/people in the room。(房间里只有三个人。)
9.face作动词时的用法
face可作及物和不及物动词,其用法如下:
1)面对,面临,正视。如:
①He faced the class and began to speak. 他面对全体学生开始讲话。
②We must face the difficulties and overcome them.
我们必须正视困难,克服困难。 ③She turned to face the newcomer and introduced herself.
她转过身来面对新来的人作自我介绍。
2)朝着,面向。如:
①----Which way does your house face?
----It faces south.
“你的房子朝哪个方向?”“朝南”。
②The window faces the street.
那扇窗户朝向街道。
3)(困难、死亡、毁灭等)面临。如:
①The problem that faces us is how to raise money.
摆在我们面前的问题是如何筹集资金。
10.by用法小结
by既可作介词,也可作副词。总结如下。
1)用作介词
①意为“靠近”、“在……旁边”。如:
There is a pumping station by the river. 河边有个抽水站。
②意为“经过……旁边”。如:
He walked by me without a word. 他一声不吭地从我身边经过。
③意为“靠”、“用”、“通过”。如:
She made a living by selling matches. 她靠卖火柴为生。
④意为“不迟于”。如:
Will you finish it by tomorrow morning ?到明天早上你能干完吗?
⑤意为“被”、“由”。如:
I'm reading a play by Shakespeare. 我正在看一部莎士比亚的剧作。
⑥ 意为“根据”、“按照”。如: You must play the game by rules. 你一定要按规则做游戏。
⑦ 意为“在……期间”。如:
Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 猫白天睡觉,晚上捕食。
2)用作副词
①意为“在附近。”如:
He did that when nobody was by.
当没人在旁边时,他干了那事。
②意为“经过”。如:
He hurried by without a word.
他匆匆走过,没说一句话。
by表示“经过”时,可与往来性的动词连用,如 come, get,drive, fly, sail等。如:
The parade has passed by. 游行队伍已经过去了。
Please let me get by. 请让我过去。
Alot of time has gone by since then. 从那时到现在已有好长时间了。
重要词组短语
1.be on holiday 意为:“在度假、休假”,表示一种状态。例如:
①When I was on holiday in Beijing last summer, I called on professor Liu Dao yi.
当我去年夏天在北京度假时,我去拜会了刘道义教授。
②Some comrades in our school are on holiday in Qingdao now.
我们学校的一些同志现在正在青岛度假。
【注意】 go on holiday表示“去度假”,表示一种动作。例如:
①One of my students told me that his father had gone on holiday in Japan last week. 我的一位学生告诉我,他爸爸上周就去日本度假了。
2.date from/back to意为“(从某时期起)就已存在;可以追溯到”。例如:
①They wear old dress which dates back to the 14th century.
他们穿着那种从十四世纪就有的服装。
②His hobby of collecting coins dates from his childhood.
他收集硬币的爱好是从孩提时代开始的。
③This castle can date back to the middle of the 14th century.
这座城堡的历史可以追溯到十四世纪中期。
3.at the same time 的两种用法。
从字面上来理解 at the same time可用来表示“同一时候”,这是它的基本意思,但它还可用来表示转折,意思是“然而”,“但是”,指人或事物所具有的另一相反的情况或性质。
①The River Nile used to flood large areas at the same time every year and destroyed houses and crops.
以前尼罗河在每年的同一时候淹没大片大片的地区,毁坏了许多房屋和庄稼。
②This is quite a difficult problem but at the same time, It is very interesting.
这是个相当难的问题,但却极为有趣。
③Jack can be very lazy as a husband, but at the same time he's very hard at making money.
作为丈夫杰克可能是很懒,然而在挣钱方面他却非常地努力。
【注】 at the same time 的第二种用法(如句②③)在意思上相当于 on the other hand,两者均表示意思的转折,强调人或事物的不同性质的两个方面,可以换用。如:
The hotel has a good view of the sea, but on the other hand/at the same time it costs a lot.
那家旅馆是观海的好住处,然而房租太贵。
4.would like, feel like与 would prefer的辨析
1)feel like与 would like意思相同,都表示愿望,意为“希望,想”。但would like中的 like是动词,后面常接名词或不定式短语,不接动名词; feel like中的 like是介词,后接名词或动名词,不能接不定式。试比较:
①I feel like going to bed; I'm tired out. 我想要睡觉,我太累了。
②I don't feel like going out for a drive now. 我现在不想开车出去。
③Would you like some more beef? 再来些牛肉好吗?
④ I'd like to go for a walk in the garden. 我想去花园散散步。
另外, feel like还表示“觉得像…似的”这时 feel作连系动词。
如:
I felt like a fool at that time. 那时我觉得自己像个傻瓜似的。
2)would prefer表示“较喜欢”、“宁愿”含有比较、选择的意思。其后常接不定式短语。如:
①I'd prefer to wait until dark. 我宁愿等到天黑。
②I'd prefer you not to make the trip. 我倒希望你不要去旅行。
5.由work构成的短语
work可以和不同介词、副词搭配,构成多个短语,其用法如以下例句所示。
①In all(= Altogether), 1700 workers and 200 other people work on the project.
总共有 1700个工人以及 200个其他人员从事于这项工程。(= be engaged in)
②He has been working on/at a new novel for over a year.
一年多时间以来,他一直在写一部新小说。(= be busy writing)
③They worked on till sunset.
他们一直干到傍晚。(= go on working)
④He's working on/at a physics problem.
他正在解一道物理题。(=do)
⑤ She works as a nurse in the hospital.
她在这家医院里当护士。
⑥ I found her working away in her office.
我发现她在办公室里不停地工作。(= busy working)
⑦ They usually work out a new plan for the new term in the vocation.
他们通常在假期里制订出新学期的计划。(= make)
⑧ The scientists worked out a way of sending men to the moon.
科学家们想出了一个把人送上月球的办法。(= think of)
⑨ Who can work out the maths problem.
谁能解出这道数学题?(= calculate)
⑩ She isn't back yet. She's still at work.
她还没有回来,她还在工作(上班)。
(11) He has been out of work for two yeas.
他已失业两年了。
【注】名词work是不可数名词,泛指长期的或短期需要体力或脑力的工作,许多时候可与job替换使用。job是可数名词,着重指“零活”或某一具体的“工作职位”。labour尤指困难而费力的体力劳动。
【注】表示“工厂”时, works着重指钢铁或化学等重工业。 plant着重指电气和机器制造业。mill由原意“磨坊”转化而来,现在较多用于轻工业方面。factory 使用最广泛,可指制造任何物品的工厂。以上表示“工厂”的名词的用法大多依照习惯,有时并无明确区分。
6.dangerous与 in danger的区别
两者在句中都可作表语。dangerous是形容词,意思是“危险的”,
指句子的主语对别人有危害;而in danger是介词短语,意为“处于危险状况,在危险中”,指句子的主语的处境。如:
①He told me that the girl was in danger, so we went to help her.
他告诉我这女孩处境危险,因此我们去帮她。
②The man was dangerous, we must be careful with him .
这人很危险,我们必须提防他。
③He was in danger of losing life . 他有丧命的危险。
7.another day, the other day, some day和 one day
another day意思是“改天”,指将来。 the other day意思是“前几天”,相当于 a few days ago,指过去。 some day一般指将来“总有一天”,“终将”,one day可表示过去“有一天”,也可指将来“总有一天”,这时与 some day同义。例如:
①You certainly can do it today, but don't you think it better to do it another day after you think more carefully?
这件事你当然可以今天做,不过你是不是觉得最好在你更仔细地考虑一下以后改天再做更好呢?
②I happened to meet your former girl friend Wang Li in the street the other day.
前几天我在街上碰巧遇见了你原来的女朋友王莉。
③Some day your wishes will come true.
终有一天你的这些愿望会成为现实的。
④ One day a young man came in and asked me if I knew him.
有一天一位年青人来到我家里,问我是否认识他。
⑤She's sure to get well one day/some day.
她终有一天会康复的。
常用句型结构
1.I'd like(sb.) to(do sth.)是一种常用的句型,用来表示愿望,意思是“我想要(干某事)”。“I'd like…”和“I feel like…”意思相近,但前者跟不定式, 而后者跟动词-ing形式。例如:
①I'd like to accept your invitation to the party.
我想接受你参加聚会的邀请。
②I'd like you to help us when we are in trouble .
当我们处于困境时,我想让你来帮助我们。
③I'd like to go out for a picnic on the hillside tomorrow.
我想明天到山坡上去野餐。
④ If weather permits, I'd like to go swimming in the sea next week.
如果天气许可的话,我想下周去大海里游泳。
⑤ I feel like working on the farm every day.
我每天都想到农场去干活。
⑥ The little boy feels like going to see the film.
那个小男孩想去看电影。
2.“Can't we do sth.?”是表示建议的常用句型。
这是一个否定疑问句,提出个人的建议和看法,希望得到肯定的答复,有时含有责难、惊讶等意味。例如:
①“Can't you see I am a bird?” said the bat.
“难道你看不出我是只鸟吗?”蝙蝠说道。
②Can't we have the right to receive education?
难道我们就没有权利接受教育了吗?
3.“How/what about…”?用来征求意见、询问情况或提出建议,后面通常跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式。例如:
①I'd like to call on an old friend of mine. How about you?
我想去拜访我的一位老朋友,你呢?
②What about going for a walk after supper?
晚饭后出去散散步怎样

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