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高考英语常用词汇辨析500例

[日期:2007-05-23] 来源:英语坊  作者:收藏到QQ书签 [字体: ]

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◆ get away (from); run away (from);escape (from);flee (from)这几个词均可表示“逃”,但含义有别:◇ escape指安全地“逃走或跑掉”,强调结果;◇ get away from及run away from表示“逃”的动作或行为,含有动作快速而敏捷之意,多用于口语中;◇ flee强调“逃”这一动作急促或迅速,不强调结果。选用时根据上下文的含义来定。如: The bird has escaped from the cage.那只鸟逃出鸟笼了。 He ran away/got away/escaped from the fire.他从火灾中逃出来了。 He fled (from) the burning house.他从燃烧的房子中逃出。 ◇ 另外,表示“从某处抽身”,一般用get away from。如: I’m afraid she can’t get away from the meeting. 我恐怕她很难从会议中抽身。  ◆ give up; give in; give out ◇ give up指行为或努力受挫或别的原因而主动放弃,可用作及物动词,跟名词或v-ing作宾语;也可作不及物动词;◇ give in指不再坚持自己的行为或观点等,而按别人的要求去做,一般作不及物动词;◇ give out意为“用完;耗尽;体力不支”,是不及物动词。例如:

①The wind was strong and the waves were big,so he had to give up attempting/his attempt to swim the channel.风急浪高,他只好放弃横渡海峡的打算。

②All the girls finished the race except two who gave up half way.

除有两个中途放弃外,其它所有的姑娘都跑完了比赛的全程。

③As neither of the two sides would give in,the agreement fell through.

由于双方都不肯让步,所以没能达成协议。

④After a long journey,my strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther.

走了很长的路,我已筋疲力尽,再也走不动了。

 ◆ glance; stare; glare

◇ 这组动词都与“看”有关。glance意为“匆匆一瞥”,是不及物动词,其后必须接介词at, over等才可以接宾语。如:

1) He glanced at his watch.他匆匆看了一下手表。

2) She glanced down the list of names.  她由上而下匆匆地看了一下名单。

◇ stare意为“凝视”,它也是一个不及物动词,其后通常接介词at才能接宾语。如:

She stared at him in surprise.她惊讶地瞪着他看。

He was staring out to the sea.  他凝目眺望大海。

◇ glare意为“怒视;瞪眼”,也是不及物动词,其后要接介词at后才能接宾语。如:

They stood glaring at each other.他们互相怒目而视地站着。

◆ go on to do sth;go on doing sth.;go on with sth. 这三个短语都有继续做某事的意思,但在含义上有所不同。 ◇ go on to do sth.表示“接着做另一件事”,即接下去做与原来不同的一件事;◇ go on doing sth…表示“继续不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”;◇ go on with sth.表示“间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”,其后一般接代词作宾语。通常情况下,go on doing sth.和go on with sth.可互换。例如: After they had read the text,the students went on to do the exercises. 读完课文后,学生们继续做练习。 The students went on talking and laughing all the way. 一路上学生们一直有说有笑。 After a rest,we went on with our lesson(=After a rest,we went on having our lesson.). 休息以后,我们继续上课。

H

◆ habit, practice, custom, convention这组名词一般含义为“习惯”。

◇ habit指个人的“习惯”,通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法

That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.

这证明是我的失败,因为我不久就回到在电视屏幕前打瞌睡的坏习惯去了。

◇ practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”,这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法

On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat——the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.

在另一方面,一想到用动物油煎马铃薯,你便会作呕。然而在许多北欧国家里,这是为大家接受的通常习惯。

She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out.

她慢慢地走进厅堂,并且立刻发现所有的房门都是开着的。但是按照她自己的一般习惯,她在外出前总是把门全部关好的。

◇ custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含义,此外,custom 还包含这样一层意思:长期而广泛采用的行为或方法,即风俗习惯,按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范,它不仅有指导意义,而且具有必须遵循的意义

Don't be a slave to custom.          不要做风俗习惯的奴隶。

From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.

一个人从诞生的那一时刻起,他降生后所处的风俗习惯便给他的阅历和行为定型。

◇ convention 其实是其他3个词的近义词,它的含义为:固定的或公众一致承认的行事或表达思想的方法

They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.

他们不顾社会习俗,并未意识到自己在做些与众不同的事。

 ◆ hand down;hand in;hand over;hand out ; by hand ;hands up

◇        hand down作“把……传下来”解。例如:

…knowledge, customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race.

……他们的知识,生活习惯以及人们所怀念的事情,都是由他们的祖先传下来的。

The story was handed down from one generation to another.这个故事世代相传。

◇ hand in为“把……交上来” 、“交给”、“递交”之意。例如:

Time is up.Hand in your examination papers.时间到了,请把试卷交上来。

◇ hand over作“转交”或“移送”解。例如:

Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou.请将这笔钱转交小周。

The thief was handed over to the police.小偷已被移送到公安机关了。

◇ hand out为“散发”之意。例如:

When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers.

我赶到教室时,老师已开始分发试卷了。

◇ hands up表示“举起手来”;◇ by hand表示“用手”、“手工”,是介词短语,作方式状语。

[EXERCISES]

①This toy was made       .  ②After class, you must        your homework.  ③If you have any questions to ask,please       .  (Keys:①by hand ②hand in ③hands up)

◆ have sb.do sth.;have sb./sth.doing sth.;have sth.done ◇ have sb.do sth.为“使(让、请)某人做某事”之意,其中作宾补的不带to的不定式只表示发生过某事。例如: The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让男孩背对着父亲站着。 ◇ have sb./sth.doing sth.为“让某人(某事)一直做某事”之意,其中作宾补的现在分词表示保持或一直存在的状态。例如: The two cheats had their lights burning all night long. 两个骗子让灯整夜地亮着。 Although the farm is large,my dad has only two men working for him. 虽然农场大,但我爸爸只雇了两人为他(一直)干活。 ◇ have sth.done 有两层含义和用法: *其一,作“(有意地)让他人为自己做某事”解,即过去分词所表示的动作由别人完成,而宾语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者或动作对象。例如: I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth. 我要用这种布料做一套新衣服。 *作“(无意识地)让某人(或某物)遭受不幸”解。例如: He had his handbag stolen. 他的手提包被人偷了。

 ◆ hear of/ hear from/ hear◇ hear of表示“听人说起”、“听说过”,侧重于间接听说;◇ hear from表示“收到……的来信”、“收到……的来电”,后面接指人的名词或代词;◇ hear表示“听见”、“听到”,后面接名词、代词或宾语从句。

[EXERCISES]

①I       that our team won.  ②I       my brother twice a month.  ③I       her death last week.  ④Can you       some birds singing?  (Keys:①heard ②hear from ③heard of ④hear) 

◆ holiday(holidays),leave, vacation 这三个词都有“假日(期)”的意思,但含义用法并不相同。

◇ holiday(holidays)一般指“休假”

Tom and I are going to have a holiday.        我和汤姆准备去度假。

I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已经度过假了。

During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car.

在瑞典度假期间,我在我的车子上发现了这张字条。

Postcards always spoil my holidays.           明信片总是弄得我过不好假日。

My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends.

我的假日过的很快,但是我一张明信片也没有寄给朋友。

注:have  a (或one's)holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。这种用法的holiday 总用单数形式,但并不只是“一天”假。 复数形式的holidays 泛指“假日”,如summer holidays 暑假。但“Sunday is a holiday ”中的holiday 却是“一天”的假。

◇ leave 指“请假”,被批准后离开自己的工作的一段时间

He stays at home on sick leave.           他请了病假呆在家里。

He asked for a six months' leave.         他请了6个月的假。

◇ vacation 在英国指大学的寒暑假或法定不工作的日子,美国可指任何假日(期)

The students are planning how to spend their summer vacation.

这些大学生在计划着怎样过暑假。

Mr. Fuller is on vacation now.      费勒先生在度假。

◆ honour homage reverence  deference ◇ 都含“尊敬”、“敬意”的意思。

◇ honour 指“普遍承认或钦佩某人的人格、事迹等因而受到的尊敬”, 如:

in hono(u)r of the martyred dead   向死难烈士致敬。

◇ homage 指“以诚恳恭敬的态度表示敬意” 如:

They bowed in homage to the Unknown Soldiers.              他们向无名烈士墓鞠躬致敬。

◇ reverence指“崇敬”, 如

He held her in reverence.   他崇敬她。

◇ deference指“听从长者、上司、或值得尊重的人表现出的尊敬”, 如:

Do you treat your parents and teachers with deference?     你对父母师长尊敬吗?

◆ hurt; injure; wound; cut ◇ hurt为普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害(可被badly, slightly, seriously等修饰),也可指精神上、感情上的伤害(被very much/rather/deeply修饰),多指伤痛。如:

I hurt my leg badly in the football match.在那场足球赛中,我的腿受了重伤。

He felt rather hurt at your words.你的话使他很难过。

◇ injure比hurt正式,主要指意外事故中损害健康、容貌等,强调功能的损失。如:

A bullet injured his left eye.一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。

◇ wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,尤其指用武器有意造成的伤口、伤疤或战场上受伤。也可指人们精神上的创伤。如:

The thief wounded him with a knife.那小偷用刀刺伤了他。

You have wounded his pride.你伤害了他的自尊心。

◇ cut指无意中造成的轻伤。如:

How did you get that cut on your hand﹖你手上的伤口是怎么弄的?

I

◆ identical,alike,resemble ◇ identical adj.指同一个人或物时,表示“同一的”,可以与same互换。在描写两个或两个以上人或物时,表示“完全一样的”。◇ alike   adj.常作表语,表示在外表、性格或品质等方面几乎相同。◇ resemble       v.指看起来象。

A.After the earthquake the city ___ a battle field.

B.The interests of both parties mayn ot be ____,but they do overlap considerably.

C.You and your father don’t look very much ____.

D.This gun is ____ to the one which the murderer used.

Answers: A. resembled     B. identica◆ C. alike     D. identical

 ◆ illness;sickness;disease三者均有“病或疾病”之意。

◇ disease 具体指身体上发生的任何不适或疾病,可引申为某种“弊端”,如:heart disease “心脏病”; disease of society“社会弊端”等。

◇ sickness 和 illness 可指任何疾病或不适。但在英国,用法有些区别:sickness 多用来指恶心、呕吐之类的疾病及因某种外因引出的疾病;

◇ illness主要用于因人体内部的虚弱或失调引起的疾病。在时间上,短时的病痛多用 sickness,较长时间的病痛多用 illness。例如:

      He suffered from mountain sickness.  他患有高山病。

     The child has suffered from illness for two years.  这孩子已经病了两年了。

   Rough seas caused much sickness among the passengers.      汹涌的海浪使许多乘客感到恶心。

 ◆ increase(decrease)…by;increase(decrease)…to ◇ 与increase,decrease搭配时,by表示数量增加或减少的幅度,即在原有的基础上“增加或减少了多少”;to则表示“增加或减少到多少”。试比较:

The production cost of these trucks has decreased by one third compared to last year.

与去年相比,这些卡车的生产成本降低了三分之一。

The population of India has increased to one billion.印度的人口已经增加到了十亿。

◆ in all; at all; after all ◇ in all意为“总共”,既可放在句首,也可放在句末。如:

There are 25,000 Inuit in all.(=In all, there are 25,000 Inuit.)      这儿共有25,000因努伊特人。

◇ after all意为“毕竟”。表示“和预期相反”常放在句末;用来提醒不要忘记某个重要的结论或理由,一般放在句首。后者也可译为“要记住,别忘了”。如:

I thought he was going to help us, but he didn’t after all. 我以为他会帮助我们的,但他终究没有帮我们。

After all your birthday is only two weeks away. 别忘了,再过两周就是你的生日了。

◇ at all用在否定句或本身带不肯定意义的肯定句中,以加强语气,意为“根本;竟然”。如:

I don’t agree with you at all.我根本不同意你的意见。

I was surprised at his coming at all. 我很奇怪,他竟然来了。(本来我以为他不会来的。)

 ◆ in the morning;on the morning of

按英语的习惯用法,in the morning(afternoon/evening)表示“在早上(下午)晚上”之意,而on the morning(afternoon/evening)of则表示“在某个具体的一天的早上(下午/晚上)”之意,试比较:

1)He often reads English and Chinese in the morning. 他常在早上朗读英语和语文。

2)At 5∶13 on the morning of April 18th,1906,the city of San Francisco was shaken by a terrible earthquake.

1906年4月18日早晨5点13分,旧金山市发生了一次可怕的地震。

◆ in the way; in a way; in no way; on the way ◇ in the way 意为“挡道;妨碍(某人)”。如:

Tell the boy not to stand in the way.叫那个男孩别挡道碍事。

◇ in a way 意为“用某种方法(做某事)”。名词way前面常有形容词或this/that修饰。如:

He worked out the problem in a simple way.他用简单的方法算出了这道题。

In this way over several days the artist and his mouse became good friends.

就这样一连过了好几天,艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。

注意:如果in a way单独使用,way前不加任何修饰语,意为“在某种程度上;在某些方面(某一点上)”。如: The article is well written in a way.从某种程度上来说,这篇文章写得不错。 ◇ in no way 意为“决不;一点也不”,常用来加强语气。如:

They are in no way similar to each other.他们毫无相似之处。

◇ on the way 意为“在途中”,其后常接to,表示“在去某地或做某事的路上”。如:

He lost his ticket on the way to the cinema.他在去电影院的路上把票弄丢了。

J

◆ just/just now 它们都有“刚”的意思,都与时间有关。 ◇ just表示“刚,刚刚”。多与完成时态连用。

如:I've just borrowed a picture-book.我刚借了一本图画书。

◇ just now表示“刚才”,强调过去的动作,所以与一般过去时态连用。

如:She ate a big apple jus tnow.她刚才吃了一个大苹果。

K

◆ knock…into;knock into;knock down;knock at/on

◇ knock…into…意为“把……插/撞/敲/打入……中”。如:

Then they knocked a stick into the earth. 然后他们把木棒插入泥土中。

◇ knock into意为“撞在……上”。into是介词,只能位于其宾语前。如:

Look out!Don’t knock into others. 小心!别撞到别人身上。

◇ knock down意为“撞倒、打倒”。down为副词,宾语是名词时,down可位于名词前或后宾语是人称代词时,down必须位于宾语后。如:

The car knocked the house down(=knocked down the house).小汽车把房子给撞倒了。

Be careful with the little trees.Don’t knock them down. 注意小树,不要把它们撞倒了。

knock at/on意为轻轻而有节奏地“敲”。它常用来表示“敲门/窗”等。如:

Who is knocking at the door﹖  谁在敲门?

Knock on the window pane; they may be in.  敲一下玻璃窗,他们或许在里面。

L

◆ late; lately; later; latest ◇ late可作形容词或副词,意为“迟(的);晚(的)”。如: He often comes late for school.他上学常迟到。 They were late for the film.他们看电影迟到了。 ◇ lately是副词,意为“最近;近来”相当于recently,常与现在完成时连用。如: I haven’t heard from him lately.我最近没收到他的来信。 ◇ later为late的比较级,意为“较迟的(地)”。另外,还可用作副词,意为“后来”。如: He goes home later than anybody.他回家比谁都晚。 See you later.回头见。 ◇ latest为late的最高级,意为“最迟的(地)”;也相当于newest,意为“最新的”。如: I go to bed latest in the family.我是家里睡觉最迟的。 Here is the latest news from a broad.下面是来自国外的最新消息。

◆ like;as

◇ 二者都可以用作连词,作“像……一样”解,但like多用于非正式的美国英语里,as用于较为正式的场合。此外as从句中的谓语部分可以省略,而like从句中则不能省略谓语。如:

Please do the experiment as Mr Li(does).           请像李先生那样做实验。(does可以省略)

The fish doesn’t taste like(as)it should.    那鱼的味道不应该是那样的。

Ø 二者用作介词时,as强调同类属或完全像,往往指本身就是;like侧重于比较,本身不是。如:

He works like a waiter. 他像侍者那样工作。(本身不是侍者)

He works as a waiter.  他做侍者工作。(本身是侍者)

◆ likely; probable; possible

这三个词都表示“可能”,但possible和probable是形容词,只能修饰事、物;而likely既是形容词又是副词,可以修饰物,也可以修饰人。同时likely语气最强,probable次之,possible最弱。如:

The USA is likely to carry out another attack on Iraq with the excuse of fighting terrorism.

美国很可能以打击恐怖主义为借口,再次对伊拉克进行攻击。

It’s possible but not probable / likely that he will stick to his incorrect proposal.

他也许会坚持他的错误主张,但可能性不大。

◆ living  alive  live 意思都含“活的”。

◇ living 用于生物时, 指“活着的”, 如:

Shelly was still living when Keats died.       济慈死时, 雪莱还在世。

◇ alive 指“活着的”、“在世的”, 着重于状态, 它用作表语, 或放有名词或代词后作定语, 如:

The spy was caught alive though he died from wounds the next day.

特务被活捉, 不过第二天便因重伤而死。

◇ live 只用于物, 指“活的”, 如:

a live rat一只活鼠。

◆ live on; live by ◇ live on意为“以……为主食”;“靠……过活”后接表示“食物”、“人”、“收入”等的词。如:

The soldiers lived on wild plants. 那些士兵靠吃野菜为生。

The whole family lived on the earnings of the two sisters.全家靠两姐妹挣钱过日子。

◇ live by意为“靠……(手段)谋生”,后常接表示“获得经济手段”的名词或-ing形式。如:

Writers live by their pens while fishermen live by fishing. 作家靠笔谋生而渔夫以捕鱼为生。

◆ luggage; baggage

◇ 两者都表示“行李”,均是不可数名词。luggage属英式英语,是随身携带行李的总称;baggage属美式英语,是各种行李的总称。询问行李的多少,用how much引导疑问句;指行李的件数,需与a piece of或an article of连用。例如:

two pieces of luggage/baggage 两件行李

three articles of luggage/baggage 三件行李

How much baggage/luggage does she have?她有多少行李?

M

◆ manage;try ◇ manage to do sth.暗含succeed in doing sth.之意,指“(经过努力和克服困难之后)将某事做成”,即经过努力达到了目的,重点在于结果,后接动词不定式,不接v-ing。例如: He managed to finish the work in time. 他总算按时完成了任务。 Do you think you can manage to get us some tickets? 你看能想办法给我们搞几张票吗? ◇ try to do sth.指“设法或试图”做某事,强调要做某事或尽力做某事(但不一定成功)。例如: She will try to learn English. 她要设法学会英语。 Try not to be late again. 注意别再迟到了。 ◇ try doing sth.的意思是“(用某种方法)试一试或试试看”,指“试”的方法或方式,看看情况会怎样或结果是否满意。例如: Try knocking at the back door if nobody answers you at the front door. 如果前门没人应,试着敲敲后门。 He tried sending her flowers,but it didn’t have any effect. 他试着给她送花,但无济于事。

◆ meet;meet with ◇ meet可作“遇见”、“迎接”解。◇ meet with表示“遇见”、“碰到”时,常含有“偶尔”的意思(=come across,come upon)。此外,meet with还可表示“遭遇”或“经历”的意思。在美国英语中,meet with还可以表示“会见”。

1) I often meet her on the street.

2) She said she had to go to the station to meet her uncle.

3) I have met with this word many times in my reading.

4) You should not lose heart when you meet with difficulty in learning a foreign language.

5) The department head met with her in his office.

 ◆ meeting; conference; gathering; party ◇ meeting可以用于两人或多人,表示偶然的或拟定的,短暂的或持续的聚会。它的用途很广,可用于日常普通场合,也可用于特殊的或官方的正式场合。如:

The students had a class meeting last Friday.

The summit meeting of the state heads came to an end two days later.

◇ conference指专门性的正式会议,常用于就某个重大问题进行专门研究或交换意见的讨论会、协商会等。如:

Many reporters came to attend the press conference.

The annual conference of geologists will be held in Chicago this year.

◇ gathering一般指非正式的集会,常用于群众性的活动(像联欢会等)。如:

A public gathering was held in Zhongshan Park on May Day.

◇ party指社交性或娱乐性的集会。如:

Mary and I were invited to Jane’s birthday party the other day.

Mr.Brown gave a dinner party last Thursday.

 ◆ merely; only; just

◇ 这三个词作副词表示 “仅、只”可以换用,并且都放在它们所修饰的成分之前,merely的用法较正式。 如:

     Instead of answering,she merely/only/just smiled.     她没有作答,只是微笑而已。

     She’s come here just/only/merely to see you.                     她来这里只是为了看你。

◇ 作形容词时, only表示“仅有的”;mere表示“仅仅的、单单的”;just意为“公正的”。如:

a just man 光明正大的人

    They were the only people who had the keys. 只有他们有钥匙。

     Mere words won’t help.     光说(不做)无济于事。

N

◆ none/nobody (no, one)/nothing ◇ none既可指人又可指物,意为“没有任何人或物;一个人也没有”,后可跟of短语连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数均可。例如:

—Have you bought any clothes?你买衣服了?

—None.一件也没买。

None of us has/have been to Macao.我们没有一个人去过澳门。

◇ no one=nobody,只能指人,意为“没有人”;nothing只能指物,表示“没有什么(东西)”。它们不可与of短语连用,作主语时谓语动词只能用单数。例如:

Nobody(No one)likes to lose money,does he?谁也不喜欢丢钱,对吗?

There's nothing in the bag.口袋里什么也没有。

O

◆ occur;happen;take place

三者都表示“发生”,都是不及物动词。

◇  happen指“偶然发生”时,主语为“事”;当主语是“人”时,意为“碰巧”。

◇  occur 指“发生”时可与 happen 换用,但后接to sb./sth.时,两者含义不同:happen to sb./sth. 指不好的事情发生在某人(物)身上;occur to sb./sth. 指“某种思想等呈现于某人的知觉中”。

◇  take place 表示“发生”,可与 happen 或occur换用,但其后面一般不接 to sb./sth.结构;指必然会发生的事情时,多用 take place;此外take place 还可表示“举行某种活动”。如:

    He happened to know the place.            他碰巧知道那个地方。

    When did the earthquake occur/happen? 地震是什么时候发生的﹖

    Didn’t it occur to you to phone them about it? 你难道就没想过给他们打个电话﹖

    Has anything happened to him﹖       他出什么事了吗﹖

    In 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China.一九一九年,中国发生了五四运动。

◆ official; officer ◇ official常指政府官员,行政官员,高级职员。

如:the government officials政府官员。

◇ officer常指穿着特别制服的官员军官,武官等。

如:officers of state部长(职位较高的);              customs officer海关人员;

railway officer乘务员;                                          an officer of the law法官;

police officer警官。

◆ on earth;on the earth;in the earthon earth有三层含义和用法:

◇ 作“到底”或“究竟”解,置于 what,when等疑问词之后,以加强问句的语气。例如:

①What on earth is it?这到底是什么东西?

②Why on earth did you tella lie?你究竟为什么要说谎?

◇ 作“当今”或“世界上”解,用于最高级之后,以加强语气。例如:

He said,“I'm the happiest man on earth.”他说:“我是世界上最幸福的人。”

◇ 用于否定词之后,作“一点儿也不”解,以加强否定的语气。例如:

It's no use on earth.这一点儿也没有用。

He said,“Nothing on earth can change my mind.”他说:“无论什么也不能改变我的主意。”

◇ on the earth作“在地球上”解。例如: We live on the earth.我们生活在地球上。

◇ in the earth为“在地下”之意。例如:

Many other animals dig holes in the earth.许多其他动物在地下挖洞。

 ◆ once;as soon as ◇ 两者均为从属连词,引导时间状语从句,都表示主句的动作紧跟在从句的动作之后发生。主要区别在于:once除含时间之意外,还表示“条件”,一般译作“一旦……就……”。例如: Once he makes up his mind,he’ll never give it up.他一旦下定决心,就决不会放弃(本句不可用as soon as)。 ◇ 而as soon as强调的只是时间,译作“刚……就……”或“一……就……”。例如: As soon as I get to Beijing,I’ll write to you.我一到北京就写信给你。

 ◆ one another;each other ◇ 两者均表示“互相;彼此”,为代词,仅作动词或介词的宾语,不作其它成分。两者虽可换用,但each other多用于两者之间的关系,one another多用于三者或三者以上之间的情况。例如: We both see each other at the office every day.我们俩每天在办公室碰面。 The six blind men couldn’t agree with one another.这六个瞎子各执己见。 They hate each other/one another.他们互相憎恨。

 ◆ one's own/oneself ◇ 如属于句子主语的“身内之物”(包括穿戴之物)或思想范畴内的东西,通常用one's own。

如:He cut his own hand.他割了自己的手。

    I won't believe you until I've seen you in the jar with my own eyes. 我要亲眼看见你在坛子里才会相信。

◇ one's own有时可指代前面提到过的同类事物。

如:I don't need to borrow your pen.I've got my own.我不需要借你的钢笔,我有我自己的。

◇ oneself: 反身代词,强调句子主语发出的动作的承受者就是主语“自身”,即主语本身就是动作的承受者。

如:The little child cannot look after himself.          这小孩不能自己照顾自己。

(该句中用himself,因为the little child 既是动作执行者,也是动作承受者。)

The girl put on her new clothes and looked about herself in the mirror.

那姑娘穿上新衣服,对着镜子打量着自己。

◇ 3)oneself一般不作定语,而one's own则可以作定语。

如:This is myself's book.(×)

          This is my own book.(√)

P

◆ particular; especial; special ◇ particular着重指同类事物中某一个具有独特性质的事例,是相当“一般”而言的“特殊”、“特定”。如: On that particular day the stores are closed. 在特定的那一天店铺都关了门。(平时没有这种现象) ◇ special和especial都有“特殊的,特别的”之意。如: What are your special interests? 你有些什么特别的爱好? Collecting stamps is a matter of especial interest. 集邮是特别有趣的事。 ◇ 不同的是,special还有“专门的,额外的”的意思。如: You need a special tool to do that.干那个活儿要用专用工具。 Take special care of it.对这东西要特别细心。

◆ persuade sb.to do sth.; advise sb.to do sth.; try to persuade sb.to do sth. ◇ persuade sb.to do sth.意为“说服某人干某事”,其结果是成功的(即成功地说服某人干某事)。如:

Tom persuaded his father to give up smoking at last.汤姆终于说服他父亲戒烟了。

◇ advise sb.to do sth.意为“劝说某人干某事”,其结果可能是劳而无功(即“说”而未“服”)。如:

She advised her parents to give up smoking, but they wouldn’t listen. 她劝她的父母戒烟,但他们不愿听。

◇ try to persuade sb.to do sth.意为“尽力说服某人干某事”,相当于advise sb.to do sth。如:

I tried to persuade him to continue his study, but I failed. 我尽力劝他继续学习,但没有成功。

 ◆ penny; pence; pennies◇ penny“便士”,为硬币,是英国及爱尔兰等国的货币单位,100便士等于一英磅。pence及pennies都是penny的复数,但用法有别:pence指钱的总额,pennies指一个一个的硬币。例如:

This pen costs thirty pence. 这支钢笔卖三十便士。

Give me ten pennies for this ten-penny piece. 请把这枚十便士的硬币换成十枚一便士的硬币。

◇ “数词+penny”表示“……便士的”,为形容词,作定语;“数词+pence”表示“……便士”,为名词。试比较:

five penny五便士的(形容词)                five pence五便士(名词)

◆ pity; shame◇ 两者均可表示“遗憾的事”,常与a连用,指没实现某种愿望而感到遗憾、懊悔或可惜,可以换用。例如:

What a pity/shame that she can not come!   她不能来真是遗憾!

It is a shame/pity that you can’t help us.

你不能帮助我们真是遗憾。

◇ shame还可表示“可耻之事;令人难堪的事”,指说话人对某种行为感到厌烦、憎恶或讨厌,而pity没有这一意思。例如:

It’s a shame to be so wasteful.这么浪费,太可耻了。

It’s a shame to treat animals like that.那样对待动物真是太过分了。

 ◆ point to/ point out◇ point to表示“指向”、“指着”,其中to表示方向;point out表示“指出”。EXERCISES:①Mr Li       one of these things.  ②Can you       my mistakes?        (Keys:①points to ②point out)  ◆ possibly; probably; perhaps; maybe 这几个副词都有“可能”的意思,用法如下:◇ possible“或许;也许”,所指的可能性较小,为加强语气,可与can或could连用;与may连用,表示的可能性更小。例如:

It may possibly be true.也许是真的。

Please call me as soon as you possibly can.请尽快给我打电话。

Could you possibly tell me the answer﹖你能告诉我这个答案吗?

◇ probably“很有可能;十之八九”,其语义较强,可能性较大。在否定句中,probably不能紧跟在否定词之后。例如:

It will probably be fine tomorrow.明天大概会是晴天。

译:她大概不会来这里。

正:Probably she won’t come here.

正:She probably won’t come here.

正:She won’t come here probably.

误:She won’t probably come here.

◇ perhaps“或许”,含有“可能这样,也可能不这样”之意,其含义和用法与maybe一样,多用于口语。maybe多用于美国英语。在这几个单词中,语义最强的是probably,其次是perhaps和maybe,最弱的是possibly。例如:

Perhaps we will be late for work.或许我们上班会迟到。

Perhaps we’d better take a bus.也许我们最好乘公共汽车。

 ◆ power  force  strength 都含"力"、"力量"的意思。

◇ power 指 "身体上、精神上或心理上的力量, 不管是表现出来的还是潜在的", 如:

It's beyond his power.    这是他力所不及的。

◇ force 指"运用或发挥出来的力量, 可以克服阻力, 使人或物按要求方向运动", 如:

He did it with a great force.   他用了很大的力才把它做完了。

◇ strength 指"内部固有的力量", 表示物质力量时, 着重"体格或构造健全、完善等方面的力量, 如体力强度等"; 表示精神力量时, 指"持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等", 如:

the strength to lift something        举起某物的力。



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