2008年6月英语四级考试巅峰阅读培训(第1讲)

第一讲：2种文章形式考查略读技能

　　略读(skimming)，指的是快速浏览全文的阅读方法。略读的对象是文章的开始段、结束段、每段的段首句和结尾句。文章内容的概括性陈述一般都在这些位置。

　　略读的目的是：(1)了解文章的主题;(2)对文章的结构获得一个整体概念;(3)对各部分的内容获得一个粗略的印象;(4)对文章主旨做出判断。

　　对快速阅读而言，略读最重要的意义在于对各部分的内容获得一个粗略印象，以方便在寻读的迅速确定答案所在的部分或段落。

　　① 有小标题的文章

　　解题技巧 对于有小标题的文章，把握开头或结尾部分就把握住了文章的主题与写作目的。小标题相当于段落的主题句，把握住小标题就把握住了文章的主要内容。这些小标题在寻读时也显得格外重要，从题干中的定位信息可以快速找到相关的小标题(模糊定位)，再在小标题下的内容中查找就可以了(精确定位)。这对于提高作题速度非常有帮助。

　　【真题示例1】

　　….5.Protect your references.

　　If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references,take it out.There’s no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references..

　　Q:To protect your references,you should not post online their _______

　　【解析】name and contact information / private contact information。根据题干中的protect your references可以快速定位到小标题5下的内容。本段讲述的主要是是如何来保护自己的证明人。段中说的主要内容就是要把联系人的姓名和联系方式从网上拿下来

　　【真题示例2】

　　原文的几个小标题为： How Much Trash Is Generated;How Is Trash Disposed of ;What Is a Landfill;Proposing the landfill;Building the Landfill;What Happens to Trash in a Landfill;How Is a Landfill Operated

　　Q:The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.

　　【解析】选Y。看文章的标题可知道全文主要描述的是垃圾填埋场的建设与使用。所以题干正确.

　　② 无小标题的文章

　　解题技巧 对于没有小标题的文章，需要把握文章开头或结尾部分来把握文章的主题与写作目的。更重要的是浏览每段的段首和段尾，对每一段的主题和内容获得一个粗略的印象。建议考生在浏览时将本段的主题词用笔圈出。这些主题词将起到小标题的作用。

　　【真题示例】

　　….Today,the interstate system links every major city in the U.S. and the U.S.with Canada and Mexico.Built with safety in mind,the highways have wide lanes and shoulders,dividing medians or barriers,long entry and exit lanes,curves engineered for safe turns,and limited access.The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S.roads(0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads)…

　　Q: In spite of safety considerations ,the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of ther American roads.

　　【解析】选N。本段讲的是告诉公路的安全问题，death rate是其中的一个关键词。根据题干中的关键词定位到这一段，再根据句中存在的比较关系再具体定位到段落的末尾处。原文说：“高速公路上的车祸死亡碧绿是其他路面上的一半”。所以题干说：“高速公路上的事故死亡率比其他路面上的高”是错误的。

即讲即练

　　In the UK it is estimated that work-related stress is responsible for six million days of sick leave a year,with stress being linked to many minor and major illnesses.

　　For most people,work is a significant and meaningful part of life with the majority of us spending aroun 25% of our adult lives owrking. While work can provide us with purpose, satistaction,sell-esteem and spending power,the workplace can also be a setting of stress and worry.

　　What is work-ralated stress?

　　Everyone is under some pressure in the workplace.Some external pressures can be a postive factor, helping us to be more productive.Some people actually thrive under short-term added pressure, and our bodies are designed to meet these short-term demands.Hormones are released to prepare us for a “fight of flight” response to demanding situations. However,excessive and prolonged stress can produce a range of physical and emotional health problems which have come to be grouped as “work-related stress”.

　　There is no single cause of work-ralated stress. While stress can be triggered by sudden, unexpected pressures, it is often the result of a combination of stressful factors which accumulate over time.Some people can become so used to the symptoms of excessive stress that it goes unnoticed to their detriment(危害).Most work-related stress is related to management of work, relationships at work,organizational set-up and whether you feel you have power and control in your work.

　　The experience of stress is different for every person. Some people are affected mor than others, so what is stressful for ome person may not be stressful for another. It can depend on your personality type and on how you have learned to respond to pressure.

　　It is impossible to escape pressure at work altogether, so it is important to learn how to manage stress. There are a number of ways in which you can reduce the negative impact of stress.

　　Changes at work

　　If work-related stress is affecting you, it is important to deal with the problem as soon as possible. One of the most important factors in reducing stress levels is managing time effectively. Prioritize tasks. Completing one task before going on to the next will help you to feel more in control of work.

　　Make time to relax at work by stretching and breathing deeply. This will help you to keep focused and prevent tired muscles. Simply ensuring you get outside for a walk during your lunch break can be helpful.

　　It is helpful to identify which situations stress you most. Practice how you could behave differently in tricky situations. Perhaps you need to be more assertive, or you need to learn to “take a step back” in tricky situations. It can seem hard to confront the causes of workplace stress and to ask for help. But sometimes, support and advice from your line manager or human resources department is necessary to help you deal with difficulties at work.

　　If you find talking about your concerns difficult, it may help to make notes to bring along to the work interview with you.Make these clear and specific. Try to remember that it is in everybody’s interest that the workplace is as stress-free as possible.

　Lifestyle changes

　　Regular activities outside work will help you to meet new people,take your mind away from work worries and remind you that there is more to life than the office. Bring a sense of fun into your life by starting a creative hobby such as painting, or a new form of physical activity such as dancing or swimming. There is increasing evidence that that regular hpysical activity helps to reduce stress levels. A brisk daily walk is ideal, but the main thing is to choose an activity that you enjoy.

　　Learning to relax can improve sleep and relieve stress-related physical pains such and stomach pains and headaches. The local library will have details of adult education classes where you can learn helpful techniques. Libraries loan books, tapes or computer-based packages. Confiding(信赖) in stusted friends or relatives is a useful way to articulate(倾诉) worries and negative feelings. It can give a fresh perspective and help to make stressful situations more manageable. Avoid unhelpful responses to stress such as increased alcohol intake, smoking, and high caffeine intake. These all increase stress levels. Regular meals and a balanced, high-fiber diet will provide sustained levels of energy to keep you fit to deal with the stressful situations.At the end of the day,reflect on what you’ve achieved rather than worrying about future work. Don’t be too hard on yourself..

　　Seeking further help

　　Some people need to seek further help for work related stress,as they may be depressed or have an anxiety disorder which needs treatment. Anyone concerned that they need help should visit their psychological doctor’s ofr advice. If you are diagnosed with depression, you may be prescribed a course of antidepressants.Other treatments can inclued a talking therapy such as counseling.

　　There are also courses for stress management and lots of self help resources.Some workplaces may provide a confidential counseling service or telephone helpline. Libraries, social services and local health centers will have details of local courses.

　　Conclusion

　　Stress is an inevitable but complex companion to our working lives. Without challenges and pressures,work would lack sparkle, but we all have the capacity to be overwhelmed by work-related stress. The aim should be to manage stress by becoming aware of our individual ways of responding to it,and through making effective changes to our working lifestyle.

　　1. Ordinarily, adult people spend most of their time working.

　　2. Work-related stress refers to all the pressures received from workplace.

　　3. The top administrators in a company suffer less stress.

　　4. Different ways to respond to pressure lead to different degrees of stress people feel.

　　作题点拔与全文翻译

　　说明文。第一、二段引入主题：工作压力。小标题“什么是与工作相关的压力”中对这一术语进行了界定，并说明了形成的原因;以下三部分“工作中的改变”，“生活中的改变”和“寻求更多帮助”给出了解压的方法。最后一段总结全文。

解题思路

　　1【线索】Ordinarily,adult people spend most of their time working.

　　【定位】第2段

　　【解析】原文提到大部分人成年的生活有四分之一的时间都在工作，而题干说“成年人的大部分时间都用在工作上”，与原文明显相悖。选N。

　　2【线索】Work-related stress refers to all the pressures received from workplace.

　　【定位】小标题What is work-ralated stress?第一段

　　【解析】本段讲Work-related stress的定义。前两句的意思是说，工作场所内的一些压力也可以是积极因素，可以帮助我们取得更多的成绩。最后一句说只有压力过度或过长引起身体或情感问题时，才能称之为Work-related stress。所以题干说法错误。选N

　　3【线索】The top administrators in a company suffer less stress.

　　【定位】小标题What is work-ralated stress?第二段

　　【解析】原文谈到，形成工作压力有多种因素，所以不能说权力大的人压力就小，文中也没有这样的说法。选NG

　　4【线索】Different ways to respond to pressure lead to different degrees of stress people feel.

　　【定位】小标题What is work-ralated stress?第三段

　　【解析】本段讲到每个人对压力反应不同，最后一句提到性格和应对压力的方式决定了感受压力的不同。题干表述正确。选Y5【线索】To do the most important and urgent work first can be helpful to relieve work-related stress.

　　【定位】小标题Changes at work第一段

　　【解析】本段讲到减轻压力的最重要因素之一就是有效地利用时间，第三局对这句话的解释是：prioritize tasks.题干是丢prioritize tasks的同意转述。选Y

　　6【线索】Take an outside walk after a whole morning’s work can make a good relax for you

　　【定位】小标题Changes at work第二段

　　【解析】本段讲工作期间的放松，最后一句说中午饭后到外面散步就能起作用。题干说了“工作了一个上午以后出去散步”与原文相同。选Y

　　7【线索】The author suggests avoiding the most stressful situations in work once you have identify them

　　【定位】小标题Changes at work 第三段

　　【解析】本段讲到如何应对工作中最易引起压力的那些问题。作者在第二句中给出的建议是尝试不同的反应方式。最后给出的另一条建议是向主管进或人力资源部门寻求帮助。可见作者并不建议回避这些问题。选N

　　8【线索】To______ the physical activity you do regularly outside work is the most important thing for stress relief.

　　【定位】小标题Lifestyle changes第一段

　　【解析】题干讲的是工作之外的一些消减压力的方法，所以定位到小标题Lifestyle changes下的内容。根据physical activity定位在第一段。the most important thing　对应原文最后一句的the main thing.答案是：enjoy

　　9【线索】9. Sharing_________ with your close friends or family members is helpfule for you to reduce stress.

　　【定位】标题Lifestyle changes第二段第四句

　　【解析】原文提到信赖值得信赖的朋友或亲人是倾诉忧愁和消极情绪的有效途径。题干中的sharing对应原文中的articulate。答案是 worries and negative feelings

　　10【线索】10. Those who have suffered an anxiety disorder is are suggested to go to see _____

　　【定位】小标题Seeking further help第一段

　　【解析】本段讲到压力过大已经引起抑郁症或焦虑性紊乱的人应该寻求更多帮助。第2句讲到了寻求的对象，也就是本题的答案：their psychological doctor.

　　5. To do the most important and urgent work first can be helpfule to relieve work-related stress.

　　6. Take an outside walk after a whole morning’s work can make a good relax for you.

　　7. The author suggests avoiding the most stressful situations in work once you have identify them.

　　8. To______ the physical activity you do regularly outside work is the most important thing for stress relief.

　　9. Sharing_________ with your close friends or family members is helpfule for you to reduce stress.

　　10. Those who have suffered an anxiety disorder is are suggested to go to see _____